The Influence of Domestic Soybean Production, Consumption, Prices, and Exchange Rates on Soybean Imports in Indonesia

2025-02-06T19:08:33+07:00

Background: Domestic soybean production that has not been able to meet national soybean needs is an implication of the decline in soybean harvested area in Indonesia. The opposite condition occurs at the level of demand for soybeans, which increases every year. The soybean import policy is an alternative step for government to overcome the gap between soybean production and consumption in Indonesia. Soybeans in this study are not separated from the type, namely with HS code 1201 (Soya beans, whether or not broken).
Aims: This study aims to analyze the factors that influence soybean imports in Indonesia by using secondary data from 2001 to 2021. The research method used is descriptive quantitative.
Methods: The analysis method used is OLS which is used to determine the regression equation so that the actual value can be know from each independent variable to the dependent variable.
Results: The result of the study found that partially soybean production had no significant effect on soybean imports in Indonesia, soybean consumption had no significant effect on soybean imports in Indonesia, domestic soybeans prices had a significant effect on soybeans imports in Indonesia, the exchange rate had no significant effect on soybean imports in Indonesia, and simultaneously all free variable had a significant effect on soybean imports in Indonesia.

The Role of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Zinc Supplementation in Enhancing the Resilience of Cultured Fish to Environmental Stress: A Systematic Literature Review

2025-06-23T10:08:38+07:00

Background: The modern aquaculture industry faces serious challenges from environmental stressors such as temperature fluctuations, deteriorating water quality, and high stocking densities, all of which negatively affect cultured fish's growth and immune competence. Micronutrient supplementation—particularly vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc—has enhanced fish resilience to these stressors.
Aims & Methods: This article was prepared using a systematic literature-review approach on the effectiveness of vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc in strengthening the antioxidant and immune systems of fish. A systematic literature search was conducted for articles published within the last ten years in Scopus‐or SINTA‐indexed journals that examined the effects of these micronutrients on the physiological and immunological performance of cultured fish.
Results: The evidence indicates that vitamin C at 200–400 mg kg⁻¹ feed, vitamin E at 50-100 mg kg⁻¹ feed and zinc at 30–80 mg kg⁻¹ feed elevate antioxidant-enzyme activity, improve tissue histology, and boost non-specific immune responses. Several species have documented positive outcomes, including Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias batrachus, and Rachycentron canadum. Nevertheless, inter-species variability, interactions with other nutrients, and limited molecular-level studies remain challenges. Further research is required to establish optimal dosages, clarify specific mechanisms of action, and design practical supplementation strategies for sustainable intensive aquaculture.

Open Global Scientific Journal

The Influence of Domestic Soybean Production, Consumption, Prices, and Exchange Rates on Soybean Imports in Indonesia

The Role of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Zinc Supplementation in Enhancing the Resilience of Cultured Fish to Environmental Stress: A Systematic Literature Review